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Information about Shock

In medicine, shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by
profoundly low blood pressure and tissue hypoperfusion. It may progress to
death unless there is immediate outside intervention.

Some common causes of shock:

   * hypovolemic shock is caused by loss of blood volume. It is necessary to
     immediately control any bleeding. Intravenous fluids and/or blood
     transfusions may be needed to save the person's life.

   * septic shock is caused by overwhelming infection and is treated by
     massive doses of antibiotics. Septic shock is often fatal.

   * cardiogenic shock is hypotension caused by the failure of the heart to
     pump effectively. This can be due to damage to the heart muscle, most
     often from a large myocardial infarction, or to mechanical impairment
     of the heart's ability to pump blood (cardiac tamponade).

   * anaphylaxis is also sometimes called anaphylactic shock and is caused
     by allergens which trigger tissue swelling that can block the airway
     and cause suffocation.

Symptoms and signs

The signs and symptoms of shock include pallor, hypotension, tachycardia,
cold and clammy extremities and altered mental state.

Sometimes, in cases of septic or toxic shock, the patient's hands and feet
may initially be warm rather than cold and become clammy as the toxins cause
peripheral vasodilatation.

Treatment

The proper treatment of shock is vital in the performance of first aid and
comprises an essential part of the duties of the emergency medical
technician, nurse, paramedic and doctor.

Quick diagnosis is of key importance. Resuscitation should be started
immediately, the modality of which depends on the patient's requirements.
Virtually all patients with shock will require some kind of intravenous
access; obtaining venous access quickly is of paramount importance. Most
people in shock require intravenous fluids. However, under certain
circumstances such as in cardiogenic shock, too much fluid can be fatal, so
a knowledgeable professional rather than a lay person should make these decisions.

Prognosis

Shock is sometimes classified into two stages - reversible shock and
irreversible shock. The distinction between reversible and irreversible
shock is clinical (and sometimes retrospective) - reversible shock is
potentially treatable whereas irreversible shock inevitably leads to death.
Most cases of untreated reversible shock will progress to irreversible shock
within about six hours of onset.

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