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Information about Progress of the SARS outbreak
The following is an ongoing timeline of events surrounding the 2002-2003
outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
November 2002
On November 16, 2002 an outbreak of what is believed to be severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) began in the Guangdong province of China, which
borders on Hong Kong. The first case of infection was speculated to be a
farmer in Foshan County. The People's Republic of China (PRC) notified the
World Health Organization (WHO) about this outbreak on February 10,
reporting 305 cases including 5 deaths; it was later reported that the
outbreak in Guangdong had peaked in mid-February, but that appears to be
false, as later 806 infections and 34 deaths were reported.
Early in the epidemic, the PRC discouraged its press from reporting on SARS
and lagged in reporting the situation to the World Health Organization,
delaying the initial report. Initially, it did not provide information for
Chinese provinces other than Guangdong, the province where the disease is
believed to have originated. For example, A WHO team that travelled to
Beijing was not allowed to visit the Guangdong province for several weeks.
This resulted in international criticism which seemed to have caused a
change in government policy in early April. The PRC Health Minister has
apologized for early delays in reporting and has been holding regular press
conferences. The PRC government appears to have issued directives that the
press should not refrain from stating bad news and that government officials
should accept media supervision.
February 2003
On February 21, a Chinese doctor who had treated cases in Guangdong checked
into the Hong Kong hotel Metropole and infected up to twelve other guests
there. He was admitted to the Hong Kong Kwong Wah Hospital and died on March
4. A 27-years-old infected man who stayed in Metropole and on the same floor
with the Chinese doctor was admitted to Prince of Wales Hospital. A large
number of hospital workers were infected while treating him. About 80% of
the Hong Kong cases have been traced back to this doctor. In late February,
the American businessman Johnny Chen who lived in Shanghai travelled via
Hong Kong, where he stayed in the Metropole Hotel, to Hanoi, Vietnam. There
he fell ill and was admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital on February 26.
After the disease was transmitted to a number of hospital workers there, he
was returned to Hong Kong where he died on March 14.
WHO doctor Carlo Urbani, who was based in Hanoi, noticed the outbreak among
hospital workers there and first identified SARS. He later died of the
disease on March 29.
Almost all of those infected to date have been either medical staff or
family members of people who have fallen ill. It is believed that all
affected medical staff were not using respiratory precautions, a safety
protocol that should fully protect medical workers, at the time of exposure.
The various cases around the world are directly or indirectly traceable to
people who have recently visited Asia.
March 2003
On March 20, WHO reported that several hospitals in Vietnam and Hong Kong
were operating with half the usual staff, because many workers stayed home
out of fear of getting infected. WHO raised the concern that substandard
care of the infected patients may contribute to the spread of the disease.
On March 25, Hong Kong authorities said nine tourists came down with the
disease when a mainland Chinese man infected them on a March 15 Air China
flight to Beijing. SARS starts to hit Amoy Gardens Block E heavily.
The Singapore Government enforced compulsory quarantine of any infected person.
On March 27, Arthur K. C. Li, the head of the Hong Kong Education and
Manpower Bureau, announced class cancellation of all educational
institutions. The Ministry of Education of Singapore announced that all
primary schools, secondary schools and junior colleges will be shut until
April 6, 2003. Polytechnics and universites are not affected.
On March 30, Hong Kong authorities quarantined the estate E of the Amoy
Garden Apartment due to a massive (200+ cases) outbreak in the building. The
balcony was completely closed of all uses and guarded by the police. The
residents of the building were later transferred to the quarantined Lei Yue
Mun Holiday Camp and Lady MacLehose Holiday Village on April 1 because the
building was deemed a health hazard. Most of the cases were tied to
apartment units with a north-western orientation that shared the same sewage
pipe. According to government officials, the virus was brought into the
estate by an infected kidney patient (type of kidney illness has not been
specified) who after he was discharged from Prince of Wales Hospital,
visited and thus infected his elder brother living in a flat on the seventh
floor. Through excretion the virus spread through plumbing. One speculated
theory that supported airborne transmission was that the virus was spread
through dried up U-shaped P-traps in the plumbing and was blown by a
maritime breeze to the ventilation of the estate's balcony and stairwells.
It was confirmed that the virus can spread via droplets, but this latest
outbreak made the officials question the possibility of spreading through the air.
April 2003
On April 1, the US government called back non-essential personnel in their
consulate office in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. The US government also advised
US citizens not to travel to the region.
On April 2, Chinese medical officials began reporting the status of the SARS
outbreak. China's southern Guangdong province reported 361 new infections
and 9 new deaths, increasing the total Mainland China figures previously
reported at end-February. The virus was also detected in Beijing and
Shanghai. The WHO also advised travelers to avoid Hong Kong and Guangdong
during a press briefing.
A Hong Kong boy was also arrested for spreading rumors on the Internet that
Hong Kong was being declared an infected area.
On April 3, a WHO team of international scientists landed in Guangzhou from
Beijing to discuss with officials but has yet to inspect any suspected
origin or any medical facilities on progress of infection control. 15 of the
quarantined Amoy Garden residents at Lei Yue Mun Holiday Camp have been
relocated to the Sai Kung Outdoor Recreation Centre after an overnight
protest on washroom sharing. The first medical worker infected with SARS
died in Hong Kong. The doctor was survived by a daughter and his infected
wife who is also among the quarantined medical workers under intensive care.
Hong Kong school closure was extended by two weeks to April 21.
On April 4, the WHO team inspected the first infection case in Foshan
County. The male infected four people but did not infect his family. A
40-year-old woman became the first local case in Shanghai. A Chinese health
specialist admitted at a press conference of not informing early enough on
the outbreak. The PRC Health Minister also claimed that the disease has been
under control in most parts of mainland China. He also released the names of
seven drugs which he claimed to be effective in curing SARS. WHO officials
said that the information provided by the PRC about the disease has been
"very detailed". US government enforced compulsory quarantine of any
infected person.
On April 5, the Singapore government announced that school closure will be
extended. Junior colleages will reopen on April 9, secondary schools on
April 14 and primary schools and pre-schools on April 16.
On April 8, SARS starts to plague the Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate near Amoy
Gardens in Kowloon. Hong Kong health officials warned that SARS had spread
so far domestically and abroad that it was here to stay. Nevertheless, WHO
officials remained cautiously optimistic that the disease could still be
contained.
On April 10, Dr. Jim Hughes, the head of infectious disease at the CDC,
confirming the warnings of Hong Kong health officials, claimed that he
believed that SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East. However,
he remained hopeful that it could be prevented from spreading widely in
North America.
On April 12, Dr. Marco Marra, director of the Michael Smith Genome Sciences
Centre, which is part of the British Columbia Cancer Agency, announced that
scientists at his center had broken the genetic code of the virus suspected
of causing the disease.
On April 16, the WHO issued a press release stating that the coronavirus
identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The
virus was officially named the SARS virus.
Doctors were surprised to discover the occurrence of at least two cases of
SARS in Dinnur, a village in Bangalore, India. Extremely poor hygiene and a
lack of adequate trash disposal seemed to have hastened the spread of the
deadly disease. It is expected to kill a few hundred, despite the location
of the rural community in India's 'Silicon Valley'.
On April 19, Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao announced
that there would be severe consequences for local officials who do not
report SARS cases in a timely and accurate manner, signalling at a major
change in policy. (SARS had also been gaining prominence in the mainland
Chinese media; by late April, it had jumped from virtual invisibility onto
the front-page, with daily reports from all provinces on new cases and measures.)
On April 20, Beijing mayor Meng Xuenong and health minister of the PRC Zhang
Wenkang were replaced respectively by Wang Qishan from Hainan and the former
deputy health minister Gao Qiang. They are the first two high rank officials
in the PRC to be dismissed because of the fallout of the epidemic. In the
news conference chaired by Gao Qiang several hours earlier, the PRC admitted
that in Beijing there are more than 300 cases, as opposed to the previous
figure of only 37. One day later the figure has increased to 407. Chinese
officials also admitted to major underreporting of cases, which were
attributed to bureaucratic ineptitude.
Also on April 20th, Singapore closed down the Pasir Panjang Wholesale Centre
for 10 days, its largest market for fresh produce that is imported to the
island state. It estimated that 2400 people were going to be given home
quarantine orders based on the calculation that there were 800 shops and
each one had on average one owner and two workers. Two vegetable sellers and
a taxi driver who frequented the wholesale market had been diagnosed with
probable SARS. As a result of this, reports of shortages of fresh green
leafy vegetables arose not long afterward.
April 22: Schools start to reopen in stages in Hong Kong.
On April 23, Beijing annouced that all primary and secondary schools will be
closed for two weeks. A few days before, some colleges in Peking University
had been closed because some students had been infected.
On April 24, the Hong Kong Government announced a HK$11.8 billion relief
package designed to assist Hong Kong's battered tourism, entertainment,
retail and catering sectors, consisting of a waiver of tourism- and
transport-related licence fees, and HK$1 billion allocated for tourism
promotion overseas. The package also includes a salaries tax rebate, and
reduced rates.
On April 26-27, Chinese authorities closed down theaters, discos, and other
entertainment venues in Beijing as the death toll in Beijing continued to
rise, threatening to become the worst hit area of the country, eclipsing the
Guangdong province. Authorities are bolstered by the fact that the infection
rate seems to have declined, with the Guangdong region only exporting 3 new
infections over the weekend. The economic impact is becoming dramatic as
shops, restaurants, markets, bars, universities, schools and many other
businesses have closed, as well as some government ministries and large
state banks are working with minimal staff levels.
On April 28, WHO declared the outbreak in Vietnam to be over because no new
cases were reported for 20 days.
On April 29, the World Health Organization lifted the SARS travel warning
for Toronto. The decision was made because the city has not had any
community transmission of SARS for 20 days and no cases of the disease have
been exported from the city to other areas. Canadian officials say they will
step up screenings at airports.
Also on April 29, leaders of member countries of ASEAN and the PRC premier
held an emergency summit in Bangkok, Thailand in order to address the SARS
problem. Among the decisions made were the setting-up of a ministerial-level
task force and uniform pre-departure health screening in airports.
May 2003
On May 4 the newly infected number of people in Hong Kong drops to a single digit.
On May 7 no Hong Kong medical personnel is infected for the first time.
On May 19 the WHO Annual Meeting is held in Geneva. Hong Kong pushes for the
Tourism Warning to be lifted.
On May 20 the WHO refuses to lift the Tourism Warning.
On May 23, after a re-count of the number of SARS patients in hospital, WHO
lifts the Tourism Warning from Hong Kong and Guangdong.
On May 24, the number of newly infected patients is zero for the first time
in Hong Kong, since the outbreak in the city in March.
On May 24, a new cluster of about 20 suspected patients is reported in
Toronto.
By May 29, more than 5000 people were quarantined in Canada by authorities
seeking to control the potential spread of this new SARS outbreak.
On May 31st, Singapore is removed from WHO's list of 'Infected Areas'.
June 2003
On June 23rd, Hong Kong is removed from WHO's list of 'Infected Areas'. The
three places left on the list are Toronto, Beijing, and Taiwan.
On June 27, the World Health Organization said the world population should
be SARS-free within the next two to three weeks, but warned the disease
could emerge in China next winter.
July 2003
On July 5, WHO declared the SARS outbreak contained and removed Taiwan from
the list of affected areas. There have been no new cases for 20 days
although around 200 people hospitalized with the disease.
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